Focus Historia 12 2014' title='Focus Historia 12 2014' />Dallas Buyers Club Trailer 2014 Espaol Sinopsis Basada en la verdadera historia de Ron Woodroof un electricista y cowboy de rodeo. En 1985, est metido. Planet Ark is all about creating positive environmental actions, for everyone but especially for you. Adobe Offline Activation Request Code Invalid Ip. And the easiest way to learn about those actions is to. BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. The History of Vanilla National Geographic. By and large, Americans seem to like vanilla ice cream better than chocolate. Theres a little waffling here one source claims that actually its Democrats who prefer vanilla, while Republicans go for chocolate and a Baskin Robbins poll found that theres a substantial contingent in the Southwest that shuns both in favor of mint chocolate chip. On the other hand, the International Ice Cream Association, which should know, puts vanilla at the top of the charts as first choice of 2. Focus Historia 12 2014' title='Focus Historia 12 2014' />25. Here Be Monsters, The Grandmother and the Vine of the Dead 2014 Here Be Monsters is part of a recent wave of carefully produced, sonically. Focus Historia 12 2014' title='Focus Historia 12 2014' />Given our passion for vanilla, it seems peculiar that plain vanilla is the going synonym for anything basic, bland, or blah. A plain vanilla wardrobe lacks pizzazz plain vanilla technologies lack bells and whistles plain vanilla automobiles miss out on chrome, fins, and flashy hood ornaments and plain vanilla music is the sort of soulless drone that afflicts us in elevators. The truth is, though, that plain vanilla is anything but dull. Vanilla is a member of the orchid family, a sprawling conglomeration of some 2. Vanilla is a native of South and Central America and the Caribbean and the first people to have cultivated it seem to have been the Totonacs of Mexicos east coast. The Aztecs acquired vanilla when they conquered the Totonacs in the 1. Century the Spanish, in turn, got it when they conquered the Aztecs. One source claims that it was introduced to western Europe by Hernn Corts though at the time it was eclipsed by his other American imports, which included jaguars, opossums, an armadillo, and an entire team of ballplayers equipped with bouncing rubber balls. Photograph by Johan Zeeman, Creative Commons 2. The Aztecs drank their chocolatl with a dash of vanilla, and Europeans, once they got used to the stuff one appalled Spaniard described chocolate as a drink for pigs, followed suit. Vanilla was thought of as nothing more than an additive for chocolate until the early 1. Century, when Hugh Morgan a creative apothecary in the employ of Queen Elizabeth I invented chocolate free, all vanilla flavored sweetmeats. The Queen adored them. By the next century, the French were using vanilla to flavor ice cream a treat discovered by Thomas Jefferson in the 1. Paris as American Minister to France. He was so thrilled with it that he copied down a recipe, now preserved in the Library of Congress. Vanilla came late to recipe books. According to food historian Waverley Root, the first known vanilla recipe appears in the 1. Hannah Glasses The Art of Cookery, which suggests adding vanelas to chocolate the first American recipe for vanilla ice cream is found in Mary Randolphs The Virginia Housewife 1. By the latter half of the century, the demand for vanilla skyrocketed. Not only was it the established flavor of choice for ice cream, but it was an essential ingredient of soft drinks among these Atlanta chemist John S. Pembertons Coca Cola, which went on sale in 1. Brain tonic and Intellectual Beverage. The problem with vanilla is that its pricey. Vanilla is the second most expensive spice in the world after saffron because its production is so labor intensive. Vanilla grows as a clinging vine, reaching lengths of up to 3. These in Mexico, vanillas native habitat are pollinated by melipona bees and, occasionally, by hummingbirds. Each flower remains open for just 2. Frankly, given its sexual proclivities and narrow window of opportunity, the very existence of vanilla seems like an evolutionary long shot. Photograph by Jennifer Martinez, Creative Commons 2. If pollination is successful, a fruit develops in the form of a 6 to 1. Transplants of vanilla to tropical and presumably vanilla friendly regions around the globe, however lacking the proper bees remained determinedly podless until 1. Princess Decorating Room Games more. Edmond Albius, a 1. Runion in the Indian Ocean, figured out how to hand pollinate the vanilla blooms using a stick and a flip of the thumb. The simple technique had far reaching implications. Vanilla plantations sprang up across the globe, from Madagascar to India, Tahiti, and Indonesia. Today about 7. 5 percent of the worlds vanilla comes from Madagascar and Runion. The vanilla beans which at harvest look like string beans are individually hand picked as they become ripe, and then are subjected to a prolonged, multi step curing process. The end result is the dessiccated, but aromatic, black pods sold by spice purveyors. The pokiness of the vanilla plant it takes nine months for the pods to ripen and the grueling nature of the harvesting and post harvest preparation means that we, internationally, dont produce much vanilla. Total worldwide production is about 2. The vast bulk 9. Vanilla is a stunningly complex and subtle spice, containing at a guess somewhere between 2. The most prominent of these is vanillin 4 hydroxy 3 methoxybenzaldehyde which despite its ungainly chemical moniker is relatively straightforward to synthesize. Vanillin can be made from petrochemicals from lignin, a by product of the wood pulp and paper industry and from eugenol, a component of clove oil. It can even be produced from castoreum, a molasses like secretion from the anal glands of beavers, though this, admittedly, is a minor source. Photograph by Bill Holsinger Robinson, Creative Commons 2. Synthetic vanillin is at least twenty fold cheaper than real vanilla, which explains why its manufactured and sold to the tune of 2. If youre nibbling on something vanilla flavored or sniffing something vanilla scented, chances are that youre enjoying synthetic vanillin, not natural vanilla. This makes the recent Campaign for Natural Vanilla launched by the environmental organization Friends of the Earth FOE look downright dumb. What FOE is protesting is synbio vanillin, a product of the synthetic biology industry. Synbio products are made by engineering artificial DNA sequences which are implanted in living cells such as algae or yeast. The cells are then grown up in large quantities in fermenters and the products that they manufacture are purified from the culture medium. Yeast has been engineered in this fashion to make valencene and noolkatone, the chemicals responsible for the citrusy smells of oranges and grapefruit, used in perfumes and Ecover, a Belgian synthetic biology company, uses a modified single cell algae to produce a synbio version of palm kernel oil, used in soap. A hope here is to protect the tropical rainforests from being felled in favor of palm trees. Synbio vanillin, claims a recent article in Mother Jones, will compete directly with the premium priced natural vanilla market now owned by farmers in places like Madagascar and Mexico. Well, it wont. It will compete with the substantial synthetic vanillin industry, the guys who are making vanillin from petrochemicals and wood pulp. And both techniquessynthetic biology and synthetic chemistryare making exactly the same molecule vanillin, a. Theres nothing wrong, weird, or dangerous about either synthetic vanillin or synbio vanillin. But to imply that the synbio version is somehow creepyas opposed to the old fashioned kind made out of coal taris just plain silly. Neither vanillin, however, is real vanilla. If you want real plain vanilla, youll need a vanilla bean. This story is part of National Geographics special eight month Future of Food series. Correction An earlier version of this story misstated that vanilla is the only edible orchid. Bib. Me Free Bibliography Citation Maker.